What tests are available to diagnose cervical cancer?

Tests and Diagnosis for cervical cancer

Pap smear test - Diagnosis of cervical cancer is made by microscopic examination of a swab sample called a Pap smear. A Pap smear can detect if abnormal cells are found on the cervix. Early detection of abnormal cellular changes can help reduce the progression of cervical cancer.

HPV DNA test - A HPV DNA test can identify if the patient has been exposed to any high-risk HPV strains. HPV is the virus that can cause cervical cells to become abnormal or precancerous. There are several high-risk HPV strains that are more likely to cause abnormal cell changes. An HPV DNA test is not recommended for women under 30 unless a pap smear reveals abnormal cells.

Colposcopy - If a patient has an abnormal Pap smear test, a colposcopy can help determine whether the cervical lesions are cancerous. A colposcope is a magnifying tool used to closely inspect the cervix. The doctor may apply a staining solution to help view abnormalities in the cervix. A small tissue sample may be removed from the abnormal area and examined under a microscope to determine if the cells are cancerous.

The results of the biopsy will determine the level of abnormal changes in the cervical cells and if further treatment is necessary. Precancerous cells found in a biopsy are graded according to a CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) scale. It is important to remember that CIN is not cancer; CIN is a precancerous condition that may lead to cervical cancer in some women after many years.

CIN 1 refers to mild (low-grade) cellular changes. Most often, CIN 1 changes return to normal without treatment. Follow up testing is recommended in 6 months to 1 year.

CIN 2 or CIN 3 refers to moderate to severe (high-grade) cellular changes. Treatment is often necessary for CIN 2 or CIN 3 level changes. Treatment of CIN 2 and 3 involve removing any abnormal cervical cells and has a very high rate of success. Up to 20% of women who do not receive treatment for high grade CIN may eventually develop cervical cancer. Treatments for CIN do not have an effect on fertility.